PPT ON INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS, C++ AND OOPS

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Introduction to Computers, C++ and OOP Presentation Transcript:
1.Object Oriented Programming (OOP)   BTE-FA10

2.Introduction

3.TEXT Book
  Java How to Program          (  Dietel & Dietel )
Reference Book
Web Sites & Material:
 Prepare from Anywhere...!

4. Marks Distribution
   
   1st Sessional Marks           ? 10 
   2nd Sessional Marks          ?  15
   Quizzes                             ?  10
   Projects                             ?  15
   Final Exam                       ?   50

5.Introduction to Computers, C++ and OOP

6.1 .1    Introduction
1.2      What Is a Computer?
1.3      Computer Organization
1.4      Early Operating Systems
1.5      Personal, Distributed and Client/Server      Computing
1.6     The Internet and the World Wide Web
1.7     Machine Languages, Assembly Languages      and High-Level Languages
1.8     History of C and C++
1.9    Object Oriented Programming with C++

7.Introduction
In early 1980s, C++ developed by Bjarne Stroustrup 
C is a structured language while C++ is Object oriented
Object Oriented Programming (OOP) technique enable programmer to write quality code

8.What Is a Computer?
Computer
Performs computations and makes logical decisions
Millions or billions of times faster than human beings
Computer programs
Sets of instructions for which computer processes data
Hardware
Physical devices of computer system
Software
Programs that run on computers

9.Computer Organization 
Six logical units of computer system
Input unit
Mouse, keyboard
Output unit
Printer, monitor, audio speakers
Memory unit
Retains input and processed information
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
Performs calculations
Central processing unit (CPU)
Supervises operation of other devices
Secondary storage unit
Hard drives, floppy drives

10.Early Operating Systems
Batch processing
One job (task) at a time
Operating systems
Developed to make computers more convenient to use
Made transitions between jobs easier
More throughput
Multiprogramming
“Simultaneous” jobs
Timesharing operating systems

11.Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing
Personal computing
Computers for personal use
Distributed computing
Networked computers
Computing performed among several computers
Client/server computing
Servers offer common store of programs and data
Clients access programs and data from server

12.The Internet and the World  Wide Web
Internet
Developed more than four decades ago with DOD funding
Originally for connecting few main computer systems
Now accessible by over a billion computers
World Wide Web (WWW)
Allows for locating/viewing multimedia-based documents

13.Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages
Machine language
“Natural language” of computer component
Machine dependent
Assembly language
English-like abbreviations represent computer operations
Translator programs (assemblers) convert to machine language
High-level language
Allows for writing more “English-like” instructions
Contains commonly used mathematical operations
Compiler converts to machine language
Interpreter
Execute high-level language programs without compilation

14.History of C and C++
C++ evolved from C, which evolved from BCPL and B
C
Developed at Bell Labs
Popularized as the language of the UNIX operating system
C++ 
Deveoped by Bjarne Stroustrup
Provides object-oriented programming capabilities
Hybrid language
Objects
Reusable software components that model real-world items
Attributes and behaviors

15.Object Oriented Programming 
Classes 
Data Members 
Member Functions 
Member Access specifiers 
Objects 

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PPT ON INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND COMPUTER

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Introduction to Microprocessor and Computer Presentation Transcript: 
1.Introduction to Microprocessor and Computer

2.Mechanical Computing
The abacus circa 500 B.C. – the first calculator
Blaise Pascal – the first modern mechanical adder
Charles Babbage – the first true computer
50,000 machine parts
Herman Hollerith – the punched card system and founder of IBM

3.Early electronic computersKonrad Zuse – Z3 (relay logic at 5.33 Hz)
Alan Turing – Colossus
Fixed program computer
University of Pennsylvania – ENIAC
Could be reprogrammed by rewiring the circuit and could several man hours
17,000 vacuum tubes, 500 miles of wires
100K operations per second 

4.Early milestones
1948 – the transistor at Bell Labs
1958 – the integrated circuit
1961 – RTL digital logic (resistor-to-Transistor Logic)
1971 – the microprocessor (4004)

5.Early programming
Countess of Lovelace (1823) wrote programs for the Analytical Engine
Machine Language then Assembly Language
Grace Hopper (1957) develops FLOW-MATIC
FORTRAN by IBM, ALGOL, and RPG
COBOL –first wide spread language
BASIC and PASCAL as teaching languages

6.Modern programming
Visual BASIC (most common business)
Visual C/C++ (most common technical)
JAVA (most common web)
ADA  (used by DoD
PASCAL -control programs
C# (gaining on web)

7.Early Microprocessors
4004 the first microprocessor (4-bit) 16K RAM
50 KIPS
4040 improved speed
TMS-100 
8008 (8-bit)
Fairchild, MOS tech., Motorola, National semiconductor, Rockwell, Zilog
8080 (8-bit) 64K RAM, 2Mhz clock
8086 (16-bit) 1M RAM, 5MHz clock
80286 (16-bit) 16M RAM, 16MHz clock

8.32-bit Microprocessors
80386, 4G RAM, 33 MHz clock
80486, 4G RAM, 66 MHz clock
Pentium, 4G RAM, 66 MHz clock
Pentium Pro, 64G RAM, 133 MHz clock
Pentium II, 64G RAM, 233 MHz clock
Pentium III, 64G RAM, 500 MHz clock
Pentium 4, 64G RAM, 1.5 GHz clock

9.The P nomenclature
P1 – 8086/8088 class 
P2 – 80286 class 
P3 – 80386 class 
P4 – 80486 class 
P5 – Pentium class
P6 – Pentium Pro/Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4 class

10.Cache Memory
A temporary high speed memory that buffers the slower DRAM from the higher speed microprocessor.
Usages in bursts of 4 memory-sized chunks of data (today 4, 64-bit numbers)
Level 1 (small cache for local high-speed storage)
Level 2 (larger cache for local high-speed storage.
Level 3 (large cache on Pentium 4 chip)

11.High End Computers
Processor: Intel Pentium 4
Frequency: 3.2GHz
Power consumption: 103 W max.*
Process: 90nm

12.Lower Scale of Computers
Processor can consume no more
 than 250-300mW

13.Speed of Evolution
Processor
2X in speed every 1.5 years; 100X performance in last decade
Memory
DRAM capacity: 2X / 2 years; 64X size in last decade
Cost per bit:  improves about 25% per year
Disk
capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years
Cost per bit:  improves about 100% per year
250X size in last decade

14.Memory Organization    
Memory is organized in byte-sized (wide) chunks of data
Memory is numbered in bytes
Memory is number in hexadecimal addresses or locations
Modern memory is 64-bits wide containing 8 bytes per memory physical location.
Modern DRAM is SLOW! (40 ns per a random access)
Buffering and double clock edge transfers can speed memory access times to about 25 MHz

15.Microprocessor Internals

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PPT ON CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER

Presentation On Classification of Computer
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Classification of Computer Presentation Transcript:
1.Classification of Computer

2.The digital computers that are available nowadays vary in their sizes and types. The computers are broadly classified into four categories (Figure 1) based on their size and type-
(1) Microcomputers
 (2) Minicomputers
 (3) Mainframe computers, and
 (4) Supercomputer.

3.Classification of computers based on size and type

4.Microcomputers 
Microcomputers are small, low-cost and single-user digital computer. They consist of CPU, input unit, output unit, storage unit and the software. Although microcomputers are stand-alone machines
They can be connected together to create a network of computers that can serve more than one user. IBM PC based on Pentium microprocessor and Apple Macintosh are some examples of microcomputers. Microcomputers include desktop computers, 

5.Notebook computers or laptop, tablet computer, handheld computer, smart phones and netbook

6.Microcomputers 

7.Desktop Computer or Personal Computer (PC):- 
is the most common type of microcomputer. 
It is a stand-alone machine that can be placed on the desk. Externally, 
it consists of three units—keyboard, monitor, and a system unit containing the CPU, memory, hard disk drive, etc. It is not very expensive and is suited to the needs of a single user at home, small business units, and organizations. Apple, Microsoft, HP, Dell and Lenovo are some of the PC manufacturers.

8.Notebook Computers or Laptop:- 
resemble a notebook. 
They are portable and have all the features of a desktop computer.
The advantage of the laptop is that it is small in size (can be put inside a briefcase), can be carried anywhere, has a battery backup and has all the functionality of the desktop. Laptops can be placed on the lap while working (hence the name). Laptops are costlier than the desktop machines.

9.Netbook:- These are smaller notebooks optimized for low weight and low cost, and are designed for accessing web-based applications. Starting with the earliest netbook in late 2007, 
they have gained significant popularity now. Netbooks deliver the performance needed to enjoy popular activities like streaming videos or music, emailing, Web surfing or instant messaging. The word netbook was created as a blend of Internet and notebook.

10.Tablet Computer:- 
has features of the notebook computer but it can accept input from a stylus or a pen instead of the keyboard or mouse. It is a portable computer. Tablet computer are the new kind of PCs.
Handheld Computer or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) :-
is a small computer that can be held on the top of the palm. It is small in size. Instead of the keyboard, PDA uses a pen or a stylus for input. PDAs do not

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PPT ON HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Presentation On History of Computer
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History of Computer Presentation Transcript:
1.History of Computer

2.History of Computer
Until the development of the first generation computers based on vacuum tubes, there had been several developments in the computing technology related to the mechanical computing devices. The key developments that took place till the first computer was developed are as follows—
Calculating Machines ABACUS was the first mechanical calculating device for counting of large numbers. The word ABACUS means calculating board. It consists of bars in horizontal positions on which sets of beads are inserted. The horizontal bars have 10 beads each, representing units, tens, hundreds, etc. An abacus is shown in Figure 1.1

3.Napier’s Bones was a mechanical device built for the purpose of multiplication in 1617 AD. by an English mathematician John Napier.
Slide Rule was developed by an English mathematician Edmund Gunter in the 16th century. Using the slide rule, one could perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It was used extensively till late 1970s. Figure 1.2 shows a slide rule.

4.Pascal’s Adding and Subtraction Machine was developed by Blaise Pascal. It could add and subtract. The machine consisted of wheels, gears and cylinders.
Leibniz’s Multiplication and Dividing Machine was a mechanical device that could both multiply and divide. The German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Leibniz built it around 1673.
Punch Card System was developed by Jacquard to control the power loom in 1801. He invented the punched card reader that could recognize the presence of hole in the punched card as binary one and the absence of the hole as binary zero. 

5.The 0s and 1s are the basis of the modern digital computer.

6.Babbage’s Analytical Engine An English man Charles Babbage built a mechanical machine to do complex mathematical calculations, in the year 1823. The machine was called as difference engine. Later, Charles Babbage and Lady Ada Lovelace developed a general-purpose calculating machine, the analytical engine. Charles Babbage is also called the father of computer.
Hollerith’s Punched Card Tabulating Machine was invented by Herman Hollerith. The machine could read the information from a punched card and process it electronically.

7.The developments discussed above and several others not discussed here, resulted in the development of the first computer in the 1940s.

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PPT ON GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

Presentation On Generations of Computer
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Generations of Computer Presentation Transcript:
1.Generations of Computer

2.Generations of Computer
The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple calculating machine to a smaller but much more powerful machine. 
The evolution of computer to the current state is defined in terms of the generations of computer. 
Each generation of computer is designed based on a new technological development, resulting in better, cheaper and smaller

3.computers that are more powerful, faster and  efficient than their predecessors. 
Currently, there are five generations of computer. In the following subsections, we will discuss the generations of computer in terms of.

4.the technology used by them (hardware and software),
computing characteristics (speed, i.e., number of instructions executed per second),
physical appearance, and
their applications.

5.First Generation (1940 to 1956): Using Vacuum Tubes
Hardware Technology The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes (Figure) for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory. The input to the computer was through punched cards and paper tapes. The output was displayed as printouts.      Figure1.1Vacuum tube

6.Software Technology The instructions were written in machine language. Machine language uses 0s and 1s for coding of the instructions. The first generation computers could solve one problem at a time.
Computing Characteristics The computation time was in milliseconds.

7.Physical Appearance These computers were enormous in size and required a large room for installation.
Application They were used for scientific applications as they were the fastest computing device of their time.
Examples UNIVersal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC), Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC), and Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC).

8.The first generation computers used a large number of vacuum tubes and thus generated a lot of heat. They consumed a great deal of electricity and were expensive to operate. The machines were prone to frequent malfunctioning and required constant maintenance. Since first generation computers used machine language, they were difficult to program.

9.Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Using Transistors
Hardware Technology Transistors (Figure) replaced the vacuum tubes of the first generation of computers. Transistors allowed computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, energy efficient and reliable. The second generation computers used magnetic core technology for primary memory. They used magnetic tapes and magnetic disks for secondary storage. The input was still through

10.punched cards and the output using printouts. They used the concept of a stored program, where instructions were stored in the memory of computer.

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