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Renewable Energy in Palestine Presentation Transcript:1.Energy Situation in PalestinePalestine is considered one of the poorest countries in terms of energy resources. Energy resources are either dwindling or non-existent.- Indigenous energy resources are almost limited to solar energy for photovoltaic and thermal applications (mainly for water heating), and biomass (wood and agricultural waste) for cooking and heating in rural areas.
2.Palestine Energy ResourcesFossil Fuels and Gas 51%Electricity 31%Renewable Energy (thermal) 18%
3.Electricity Situation in PalestineElectrical Energy represent (31%) of total energy consumed.- Fully dependent on the IEC (89%).- 99% of population benefit from electricity.- High growth of electricity consumption 7%- High tariff imposed from the IEC compared with neighbor countriesHigh rate of electricity losses (26%)
4.Renewable Energy in PalestineThe estimated exploitation of renewable resources (thermal) is about 18% of the total current energy consumption in Palestine, which represents 2287 GWh (of the power produced) which will be used in particular in heating and thus, the dependence on renewable energy will reach 25% of the power produced by the year 2020.
5.The Overall strategy for Renewable Energy in PalestineThe Palestinian Energy Authority has prepared a strategy for renewable energy as an important part of the resources matrix, where Palestine needs clean and more secure supply of electrical power. The Palestinian Energy Authority has developed a clear goal for the year 2020 is as follows:To attain 240 GWh gradually (at least) to generate electricity from different renewable resources which is equivalent to 10% of the power that will be produced locally by 2020, according to the strategic plan of the energy sector.
6.Photovoltaic Project in JerichoThe project is located in Jericho city to supply about 130 houses with electricity, the project is located on a ground with area with 13,000 meter square, including 5000 meter square as extra space to expand the project in the future by increasing the panels, thus increasing the capacity of the station up to 600 kW in the future.
7.Photovoltaic SystemPhotovoltaic (PV), often called solar cells, are semiconductor devices that convert sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity. Groups of PV cells are electrically configured into modules and arrays, which can be used to charge batteries, operate motors, and to power any number of electrical loads. With the appropriate power conversion equipment, PV systems can produce alternating current (AC) compatible with any conventional appliances, and operate in parallel with and interconnected to the utility grid.
8.Photovoltaic System Process
9.On Line Diagram for Jericho Project
10.Jericho Projectcurrent Project Capacity : 300 KwDaily Electricity Generation : 1200 kWhYearly Electricity Generation : 422,000 kWh
11.Jericho ProjectThe amount of Carbon Dioxide (Co2 )Saved290.6 Ton/year
12.Photovoltaic Module
13.Jericho Project ComponentsInverter
14.Wiring and InstallationProtection of the SystemMonitor Display
15.Monitor Room
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SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Presentation Transcript:1.SOFTWARE ENGINNERING
2. THE CONSTRUCTIVE COST MODEL(COCOMO MODEL)
3.OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION OVERVIEWARCHITECTURE OF COCOMO MODELBASIC CONCEPT OF COCOMO MODEL?TYPES OF COCOMO MODELINTERMEDIATE COCOMOADVANTAGE OF COCOMODISADVANTAGE OF COCOMOMULTIPLERSCOST DRIVERSLIMITATIONSCHARACTERISTICS OF COCOMOCONCULSION
4.OVERVIEWThe Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) is an algorithmic software cost estimation model developed by Barry W. BoehmCOCOMO was first published in Boehm's 1981 book Software Engineering Economics[1] as a model for estimating effort, cost, and schedule for software projects
5.ARCHITECTURE OF COCOMO MODEL
6.BASIC CONCEPT OF COCOMO MODELcomputes software development effort (and cost) as a function of program size. Program size is expressed in estimated thousands of source lines of code (SLOC)COCOMO applies to three classes of software projects:
7.BASIC COCOMO EQUATION TAKE FORMEffort Applied (E) = ab(KLOC)bb [ man-months ]Development Time (D) = cb(Effort Applied)db [months]People required (P) = Effort Applied / Development Time [count]
8.TYPES OF COCOMO MODELOrganic projects - "small" teams with "good" experience working with "less than rigid" requirementsSemi-detached projects - "medium" teams with mixed experience working with a mix of rigid and less than rigid requirementsEmbedded projects - developed within a set of "tight" constraints. It is also combination of organic and semi-detached projects.(hardware, software, operational, ...)
9.ITERATIONS COCOMO MODEL
10.INTERMEDIATE COCOMOPRODUCT ATRIBUTESHARDWARE ATRIBUTESPERSONAL ATRIBUTESPROJECT ATRIBUTES
11.PRODUCT ATRIBUTESRequired software reliabilitySize of application databaseComplexity of the product
12.HARDWARE ATRIBUTESRun-time performance constraintsMemory constraintsVolatility of the virtual machine environmentRequired turnabout time
13.PERSONAL ATRIBUTESAnalyst capabilitySoftware engineering capabilityApplications experienceVirtual machine experienceProgramming language experience
14.PROJECT ATRIBUTESUse of software toolsApplication of software engineering methodsRequired development schedule
15.GRAPH
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Nonverbal Communication Presentation Transcript:1.Nonverbal Communication
2.Nonverbal Communication Eye contactPostureGesturesProximityToneFacial expressionsHapticsAppearance sends silent messages.Appearance of business documentsAppearance of people
3.Nonverbal communication includes all unwritten and unspoken messages, both intentional and unintentional.Characteristics of nonverbal communication:Nonverbal communication is inevitable.Primary conveyor of our emotions.
4.Nonverbal communication is multichanneled. We perceive meaning from a variety of nonverbal behaviors including posture, gestures, body movements, appearance, and vocal mannerisms.
5.Nonverbal communication is ambiguous. Very few nonverbal behaviors mean the same thing to everyone. The meaning of one nonverbal behavior can vary, for example, based on culture, sex, gender, and even context or situation.
6.Nonverbal SkillsGestures - movements of our hands, arms, and fingers to describe or emphasize a point.
7.Hand GesturesAfter the face the hands are the most expressive part of our body. We use them to reinforce our speech or on occasion even as it’s replacement.Open palm gestures – truth and sincerity.Palms together or both in pocket indicate withholding information or lack of confidence
8.GesturesTerritorial gestures – leaning against an object or person showing their dominance. Picking imaginary fluff off clothes is used when people are trying to buy time or when they don’t agree but feel compelled to give opinion.Head gestures – nodding or shaking the head.
9.One of the most annoying gestures is the communicator/speaker pointing a finger at you, and beating time or punctuating his words with it.
10.Hand GesturesSteepling – denotes a very confident attitude.2 types the raised steeple and the lowered steeple.When a person is talking he normally adopts the raised steeple gestureWhen the steepler is listening, he uses the lowered steeple gesture.
11.Nonverbal SkillsEye contact – how how much we look at others when we are communicating.
12.Eye ContactLooking directly at someone can signal interest, confidence or even aggression.When we are nervous, emotionally uncomfortable, submissive or sad we often look down.
13.How much eye contact?Too much is perceived as aggressive, dominant and uncomfortable and too little is seen as lack of confidence, submissive or inattentive.Eye contact between 50%-70% (varying according to culture/gender etc.)Always accompany a serious point with eye contact !
14.When discussing business matter do not drop your eyes below the level of the other’s eyes.
15.Facial ExpressionsFacial expressions are especially important in conveying the six basic human emotions of happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust.
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Face Recognition Technology Presentation Transcript: 1.Face Recognition
2.Introduction to BiometricsThe average adult working in a large business has 12 passwords to remember, and spends nearly a week in every year logging into systems.The average cost to a large company for every password lost is $16.
3.Biometric Systems IFingerprint RecognitionSpeech Recognition
4.Biometric Systems II
5.Biometric Systems IIIFace RecognitionMultiple Biometrics
6.History of Facial Recognition
7.History: Current Times I September 24, 1999: OLETC ? ILEFIS - 64 facial features - 256 unique shapes / feature - quicker processing, look-up time January 2001: Privacy Debate - Super Bowl - Tampa Entertainment District September 11, 2001: Impact on Market - Visionics
8.History: Current Times II“ The mood in this country has changed dramatically in just seven days. Until last week we were trying to expand people’s privacy against incursions from the government. Now we might have to fight for what we already have.” State Senator Ken Gordon, D-Denver, Chairman of the Senate Judicial Committee September 21, 2001: Looking Ahead - Colorado DMV: July 2001 - Neighborhoods (ie, Tampa)
9.Facial Recognition Market Outlook Physical Access Control - 5 years - casinos, immigrants at border crossings Computer User Access Control
10.Advantages Over Competing SystemsVoluntary Action vs Passive Usage Data Acquisition - 5% cannot provide good fingerprint - environmental interference Cost - Iris Detection (movement)
11.Theory Behind Facial Recognition I
12.Theory Behind Facial Recognition II
13.Current Commercial Products
14.Eye Identification Using Neural Networks
15.Infrared Images and Eigenfaces ITraining and Test set of imagesEigenface
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EQUATIONS Presentation Transcript: 1.EQUATIONS
2. Did you still remember??? Factorization2) Completing the square 3) Quadratic formula
3.Lets try out few Questions....Factorize:Use completing the square:
4.EQUATIONSAn equation is a mathematical statement that has 2 expressions separated by an equal sign.The expression on the left side of the equal sign has the same value as the expression on the right side.
5.One or both of the expressions may contain variables. Solving an equation means manipulating the expressions and finding the value of the variables.example: x=4+8 to solve this equation we would add 4 and 8 and find that x = 12.
6.Linear equation:Quadratic equation:
7.Solving LinearEquations..
8.Solving Quadratic Equations..
9.Factorization
10.Completing the square
11.Formula
12.Solving Other types of Equations..
13.Fractional expressions
14.Radicals
15.Fractional power
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Internal Combustion Engines Presentation Download
Internal Combustion Engines Presentation Transcript: 1.Internal Combustion Engines
2.Engines
3.IEThe internal combustion engine (Ie) is a heat engine that converts chemical energy in a fuel into mechanical energy, usually made available on a rotating output shaft.Chemical energy of the fuel is first converted to thermal energy by means of combustion or oxidation with air inside the engine. This thermal energy raises the temperature and pressure of the gases within the engine, and the high-pressure gas then expands against the mechanical mechanisms of the engine. This expansion is converted by the mechanical linkages of the engine to a rotating crankshaft, which is the output of the engine. The crankshaft, in turn, is connected to a transmission and/or power train to transmit the rotating mechanical energy to the desired final use.
4.Internal combustion engines
5.Engines for automotive and construction equipment may be classified in several ways. Fuel usedlight oil engineheavy oil engineGas engine Bi-fuel engine Method of Fuel supply Through carburetorMultipoint port injectionSingle point throttle bodyFuel injection at high pressure
6.Method of Ignition:Spark ignitionCompression ignitionMethod of CoolingWater cooled engineAir cooled engineSpeedLow speed engineMedium speed engineHigh speed engineField of applicationStationary engines for power generationMarine engines for propulsion of shipsAutomotive engines for land transportAero engines for aircraftLocomotive engines for railwaysLubrication systemWet sump engineDry sump enginePressure lubricationMethod of control under variable loadQuantity control engineQuality control engineCombined control engine
7.RX8 is quick to 7,000rpm and then everything really does go hyperspace blurry up to 9,000rpm.will cover the 60mph in 6 seconds.The two rotary derivatives produce 192 and 231bhp respectively.
8.Criteria of performance
9.Indicated powerBrake powerFriction powerMechanical efficiencyBrake mean effective pressureThermal efficincyFuel consumptionVolumetric efficiency
10.Wankel engine :operate using a rotor and shaft instead of a piston. The rotation of the shaft moves a three sided rotor which drives the movement of fuel through the system. In these engines, the different phases (intake, compression, power, and exhaust) take place in separate locations in the engine. The driveshaft rotates once for every time the engine fires in the Wankel design.
Wankel engines are often lighter and simpler in design than equivalent piston engines. They are also typically more reliable (due to the reduction of moving parts) and have higher power-to-weight ratios. However, they suffer from less effective sealing which reduces their efficiency and lifespan. These engines are used mainly in racecars and sporting vehicles where reliability and lightness are considered more important than efficiency and engine life.
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DISCOVERY AND INQUIRY LEARNING Presentation Transcript:1.DISCOVERY AND INQUIRY LEARNING
2.DEFINITION AND TERM Discovery action of discovering; exposure to view; showing finding out something previously unknown or unrecognizedExploration; examination
3.Inquiry official review: a formal investigation or examination to determine the facts of a caseact of asking: a request for information
4.Nouninquiry - a search for knowledge; inquiry - an instance of questioninginquiry - a systematic investigation of a matter of public interest
5.Discovery learning student takes an active role in structuring his learning environment, asking questions, and finding answers refers to various instructional design modelthe pedagogical aims are threefold -Promote "deep" learning, -Promote meta-cognitive skills -Promote student engagement
6.According to Borthick & Jones (2000:181): learn to recognize a problem,characterize what a solution would look like, search for relevant information, develop a solution strategy, execute the chosen strategy.
7.According to Judith Conway's: Educational Technology’s Effect on Mdels of Instruction an approach to instruction students interact with their environment exploring and manipulating objects experiences.
8. wrestling with questions and controversiesstudents - remember concepts they discover on their ownSuccessful-students have prerequisite knowledge and undergo some structured
9. the final productsstarting point for further studyLearning begins with what students know take time to ask questions and then gain new perspectives
10.constructivist approachstudents have ownership of their learningstarts with exploration and questioningleads to investigationinvolves asking questions, gathering and analyzing information
11. systematic teaching method engages students in learning knowledge and skills through an extended inquiry process structured around complex, authentic questions and carefully designed products and tasks
12.Ohio Resource Center Instructors create an environmentstudent free to ask questions, learn concepts, and explore possible solutions within a real-world, project-based context.
13. structured around an open- ended, intriguing essential questionto direct students towards the objectives of the unit invites students to be a part of the solution to the unit's dilemma
14.Tom, Shi A continuation of what is already doing in the classroomexcept presented and assessed in a more “formal” method
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